MODALS VERBS

MODAL VERBS OF ADVICE
We use had better, ought to and should to give advice, make recommendations or say whatever we think is the right thing to do.
MODAL VERBS OF NECESSITY, OBLIGATION AND PROHIBITION

NECESSITYWe use need to to express necessity.

OBLIGATION
We use must or have to to talk about obligation.
We use needn't or don't have to when there is no obligation.

PROHIBITIONWe use mustn't to talk about prohibition..

MODALS OF ABILITY AND PERMISSION
ABILITY
We use can to talk about ability in the present
We use could to talk about ability in the past.
We use be able to to talk about ability in other tenses.
PERMISSION
We use can to talk about permission in the present.
We use be allowed to to talk about permission in other tenses.
MODALS OF POSSIBILY AND CERTAINTY
We use could, may and might to say something in possible.
We use can't or mustn't to say we are certain something is impossible.
We use must when we are certain something is true.

VOCABULARY UNIT 1

EDUCATION VOCABULARY

Pass: aprovar
Fail: suspendre
Copy: copiar
Achieve: aconseguir
Get a high mark: treure una nota alta
Get a low mark: treure una nota baixa
Take: fer
Retake: tornar a fer o retocar
Revise: revisar
Panic: tenir por
Cheat: fer trampes
Study: estudiar
Primary school: Escola primaria
Secondary school: ESO (per als anglesos: institut)
University: universitat
Uniform: uniforme
Subject: assignatura


RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHO and THAT => to refer to people
WHICH and THAT => to refer to things
WHEN => to refer to timeWHERE => to refer to placesWHOSE => to refer possession

LINKERS OF ADDITION

In the middle:
Also

At the end:
Too
As well

At the beginning:
In addition
Furthermore
Moreover
What's more

FALSE FRIEND

Advise: aconsellar
Attend: asistir a
Career: tots els llocs de treball
College: institut
Lecture: confèrencia
Library: biblioteca
Realize: donar-se compte
Success: éxit

 

FUTUR TENSES

WILL
1.To make predictions or give opinions
2.To express spontaneous decisions
Forms:

Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I will play football.

Negative form
I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will not + verb (infinitive)

Ex: He won’t will play football.
Interrogative form
Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Will you play football??

GOING TO

1.To talk about plans and intentions.
2.To express a prediction based on evidence at the time of speaking.
Forms:
Affirmative form
I + am + going to + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I’m going to play football.

You/We/They + are + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: They are going to splay football Right.
He/She/It + is + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: He’s going to play football.      
Negative form

I + am not (‘m not) + going to + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I’m not going to play football.
You/We/They + are not (aren’t) + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: They aren’t going to play football.

He/She/It + is not (isn’t) + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: She isn’t going to play football.
Interrogative form

Am + I + going to + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Am I going to play football?

Are + You/We/They + going to + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Are you going to play football?

Is +  He/She/It + going to + verb (infinitive) ?Ex: Is she going to play football?       

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1.To indicate that something will happen or not in the near future.
2.We normally mention a specific time or place.

Ex: I’m playing football next week.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

1.To talk about actions which take place over a period of time
2.To talk about actions which have already been planned
Forms:
Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will be + verb-ing
Ex: He will be playing fooball.
 Negative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will not (won’t) be + verb-ing
Ex:They won’t be playing fooball.
Interrogative form
Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + be + verb-ing?
Ex: Will you be playing fooball?

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

1.To express that something will be completed by a specific moment of time
Forms:
Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will have + verb (past participle)
Ex: They will have played football.
 Negative form

 I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will not (won’t) have + verb (past participle)
Ex: You won’t have played football.
Interrogative form

Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They Am + have + verb (past participle) ?
Ex: Will he have played football? 

PAST TENSES

PAST SIMPLE

1) To talk about habitual or usual actions.
2)To talk about actions that started and finished at a specific time in the past. 
3) For past states.
4)To describe a thing which happened repeatedly in the past.

Ex: I went to the cinema last summer.

Forms:

Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb –ed or irregular verbs
Ex: I went to the cinema.

Negative form
I/You/He/She/It/We/They + did not + verb (infinitive)
I didn't go to the cinema.

Interrogative form
Did + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Did you go to the cinema?


PAST CONTINUOUS

1)To talk about an action in progress at a specific moment in the past. 2) To indicate that a longer action was interrupted in the past.
3) To express the idea that two actions were happening at the same time.

Ex: He was playing football.

Forms:
Affirmative form

I/ He/She/It + was + verb-ingEx: He was playing football.You/We/They + were + verb-ing
Ex: They were playing football.Negative form

Negative form
I/ He/She/It + was not + verb-ing
Ex: He wasn’t playing football.
You/We/They + were not + verb-ing
Ex: They weren’t playing football.

Interrogative form
Was + I/He/She/It + verb-ing?
Ex:Was he playing football?
Were + You/We/They + verb-ing?
Ex: Were they playing football?

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

We use the present perfect simple:
1)To talk about actions which happened before other actions in the past.
Ex: After I had played, I went to the cinema.

Forms:

Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + had + verb (past participle)
Ex:  He had played.

Negative form
I/You/He/She/It/We/They + had not + verb (past participle)
Ex:  He hadn't played.

Interrogative form

Had + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb (past participle) ?
Ex:  Had you played?

 

PRESENT TENSES REVIEW

PRESENT SIMPLE

1.To talk about habitual or usual actions.

2.For facts and generalizations.

3.To talk about events in the near future.

Ex: I play football on Saturday.

Forms:

Affirmative form
I/You/We/They + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I play football.
He/She/It + verb (infinitive) –s
Ex: He plays football
Negative form
I/You/We/They + do not + verb (infinitive)
Ex: You don’t play football.
He/She/It + does not + verb (infinitive)
Ex: She doesn’t play football.
Interrogative form
Do + I/You/We/They + verb (infinitive) + ?
Ex: Do you play football?
Does + He/She/It + verb (infinitive) +  ?
Ex: Does she plays football?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1)To indicate that something is happening at the moment

2)To talk about an action that is in progress, but we may not be doing this action at the moment.

3)To express that something will happen

Ex: I’m reading book now.

Forms:

Affirmative form
I + am + verb (‘m) -in
Ex:  I’m reading book.
You/We/They + are (‘re)+ verb -ing
Ex: They’re reading book.
He/She/It + is (‘s) + verb –ing
Ex: She’s reading book.
Negative form
 I + am not (‘m not) + verb-ing
Ex: I’m not reading book.
You/We/They + are not (aren’t) + verb-ing
Ex: They aren’t reading book.
He/She/It + is not (isn’t) + verb-ing
Ex: She isn’t reading book.
Interrogative form
Am + I + verb-ing + complements?
Ex: Am I reading book?
Are + You/We/They + verb-ing ?
Ex: Are you reading book?
Is +  He/She/It + verb-ing ?
Ex: Is he reading book?
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

1)To express a present situation that began in the past.
2)To talk about something which happenes in the past that caused a present situation.
3)To talk about past experiences, without saying exactly when they happened.

Ex: I’ve studied English since 1999.

Forms:
Affirmative form
I/You/We/They + have (‘ve) + verb (past participle)
Ex: I’ve studied English since 1999.
He/She/It + has (‘s) + verb (past participle)
Ex: She’s studied English since 1999.
Negative form
 I/You/We/They + have not (haven’t) + verb (past participle)
Ex: They haven’t studied English since 1999.
He/She/It + has not (hasn’t) + verb (past participle)
Ex: He hasn’t studied English since 1999.
Interrogative form
Have + I/You/We/They + verb (past participle) ?
Ex: Have you studied English since 1999?
Has + He/She/It + verb (past participle) ?
Ex: Has she studied English since 1999?